WHAT IS ADJUSTMENT? Define the Concepts of Stress and Adjustment (Objective 1) 1. Anything that produces demands on us to adjust our behavior is called
stress 2. Stress can be caused by psychological or physical demands. Pressure, conflict, and frustration are examples of psychological 3. How we react to stress in our lives is called adjustment 4. The field of health CAUSES OF STRESS Identify the Life Changes and Daily Hassles That Cause Stress (Objective 2) 5. Hans Selye defined distress 6. Holmes and Rahe designed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to study the amount and consequences of changes in our life because of stress 7. Research indicates that a large increase in life-change units may indicate stress 8. The process of becoming part of a new cultural environment is known as acculturation 9. Lazarus argued that much stress is produced from the daily hassles 10. Hassles include too many responsibilities, loneliness, and not enough time, whereas uplifts Describe the Major Psychological Causes of Stress: Pressure, Conflict, and Frustration (Objective 3) 11. When we strive to meet the social and psychological demands we impose on ourselves and that others impose on us, we experience pressure 12. When we attempt to maintain self-esteem by forcing ourselves to achieve higher standards, we experience internal 13. The demands other people make on us produce external 14. Lewin (1935) suggested that conflict can be described by two opposing tendencies: approach and avoidance. In 15. In avoidance-avoidance 16. When we are prevented from reaching a goal, we experience frustration 17. Sometimes people encounter extraordinary events, such as military combat, rape, earthquake, accident, or other disaster. They may develop posttraumatic REACTIONS TO STRESS Describe Anxiety (Objective 4) 18. A vague feeling of fear and apprehension is called anxiety 19. Anxiety is usually measured by examining self-reports, observing behavior 20. Anxiety that is a long-lasting and relatively stable personality characteristic is trait Outline the Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (Objective 5) 21. Selye referred to the pattern in which people respond to all stress as the general adaptation 22. The GAS consists of three distinct stages. The alarm 23. In the GAS, when stress is prolonged, we enter the stage of resistance 24. In GAS, if stress continues, the individual enters the stage of exhaustion 25. According to Lazarus, whenever we face something in our environment, we engage in primary 26. The evaluation of the likelihood that our abilities and resources are sufficient to meet the demands placed upon us is what Lazarus calls secondary Describe the Symptoms of Burnout and Identify Four Remedies for It (Objective 6) 27. The depletion of our physical and mental resources is called burnout 28. Symptoms of burnout 29. Maslach (1982) found that people in the helping professions, such as nurses, teachers, counselors, doctors, therapists, police, and social workers, have higher than normal rates of burnout 30. A number of remedies have been suggested to combat burnout. It is important to set realistic goals. Know your limits 31. The number and severity of the stressors 32. Kobasa identified the characteristics of the hardy 33. People who have a social Outline the Problems of Learned Helplessness and Shyness and Describe How They are Treated (Objective 7) 34. Seligman (1975) believed that when people are in a situation in which they have no control, they eventually learn that any response they make will not affect any particular outcome. This is learned helplessness 35. The reformulated theory of learned helplessness suggests that people need to believe that they have control 36. Research suggests that people who are most likely to become depressed tend to use permanent, global, and internal explanations 37. Zimbardo stated that shyness 38. Shy people tend to view their shyness as a personality trait ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES Describe Five Major Defense Mechanisms (Objective 8) 39. Psychological techniques that protect us from anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts within us, and preserve our self-esteem are called defense 40. Although defense mechanisms protect us from overwhelming stress, they also have some negative aspects. They involve self-deception 41. Painful memories and unacceptable thoughts and motives are conveniently forgotten so that they will not have to be dealt with, in the defense mechanism of repression 42. A person attributes his unacceptable characteristics or urges to others instead of himself, in the defense mechanism of projection 43. A person escapes from stress and anxiety by daydreaming that everything is perfect and all the problems are gone, in the defense mechanism of fantasy 44. A person retreats to an earlier, less mature form of behavior in the defense mechanism of regression 45. A person makes up logical excuses to justify his behavior rather than exposing his true motives in the defense mechanism of rationalization 46. A person redirects her socially undesirable urges into socially acceptable behavior in the defense mechanism of sublimation 47. A person masks an unconsciously distressing or unacceptable trait by assuming an opposite attitude or way of acting in the defense mechanism of reaction formation Describe the Process of Effective Coping (Objective 9) 48. Coping techniques are ways of dealing with stress 49. An important way of dealing with stress is talking 50. Shelley Taylor suggested that having certain types of illusions 51. Adjustment aimed at realistically solving Describe the Techniques of Time Management (Objective 10) 52. Before we implement time-management techniques, we must be motivated 53. In order to use the time you have effectively, you need to establish goals 54. Lakein proposed the "Swiss cheese technique" to help overcome procrastination 55. The last step of a successful time-management program is to evaluate Identify Three Psychological Factors That Affect Physical Conditions (Objective 11) 56. The field of health 57. Psychological factors affecting physical conditions include those emotional attitudes that contribute to the initiation or aggravation 58. The physical 59. The most common psychophysiological disorder, with up to 10 percent of the population afflicted, is migraine 60. The cardiovascular Compare the Type-A and the Type-B Behavior Patterns (Objective 12) 61. Friedman and Rosenman (1974) investigated the long-term effects of stress-producing behavior patterns on heart disease. Type- A 62. Type- B 63. Type- A 64. Recent research indicates that not all characteristics of Type-A behavior contribute to increased risk of heart disease. Factors such as anger HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Identify Two Health-Enhancement Behaviors (Objective 13) 65. Any activity that increases oxygen consumption over time, such as walking, running, and swimming, is aerobic 66. Health psychologists have found diets to be most successful when the individual's family WEB SITE *Exploring Psychology: Crowding 1. The psychological feeling of not having enough space available is called crowding 2. Freedman's density-intensity *Exploring Psychology: Noise and Behavior 3. Noise is measured with the decibel 4. Research shows that noise decreases *Biography: Hans Selye 5. Hans Selye was a physician best known for his theory of the influences of stress on people's ability to cope, called the general adaptation *Exploring Psychology: Stress and Performance 6. Gmelch (1982) argued that if our capacity is too low for the work we are trying to accomplish, we may experience burnout 7. If we are at peak performance (work is equal to capacity), we need to continue to remain in control *Biography: Martin E. P. Seligman 8. Martin Seligman is currently a professor at the University of Pennsylvania *Biography: Philip Zimbardo 9. Philip Zimbardo is known for his research on shyness *Exploring Psychology: Stress Inoculation Technique 10. Meichenbaum (1985) described three phases of stress inoculation *Exploring Psychology: Adjustment and Well-Being 11. A subjectively positive emotional state with general life satisfaction is called well-being 12. Staats reported that college students were generally happy 13. The most important contributors to a sense of well-being *Biography: Shelley E. Taylor 14. Shelley Taylor is co-director of the Health
