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WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Define the Concept of Personality (Objective 1) PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES Describe Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality (Objective 2) MEMORY PROCESSES Outline Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality (Objective 3) Outline Adler's Individual Theory of Personality (Objective 4) Outline Horney's Cultural Theory of Personality (Objective 5) TRAIT THEORIES Outline Allport's Trait Theory of Personality (Objective 6) Outline Cattell's Factor Theory of Personality (Objective 7) Outline Eysenck's Trait Model of Personality (Objective 8) Outline the Five-Factor Personality Model (Objective 9) HUMANISTIC THEORIES Outline Rogers's Self Theory of Personality (Objective 10) Outline Maslow's Self-Actualization Theory of Personality (Objective 11) BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES Outline Skinner's Behavior Approach to Personality (Objective 12) BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES Outline Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory of Personality (Objective 13) Outline Rotter's Locus of Control Theory of Personality (Objective 14) PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Describe the Personality Assessment Methods of Interview and Observation (Objective 15) Identify Four Major Objective Personality Tests (Objective 16) Identify Two Major Projective Personality Tests (Objective 17) WEB SITE

WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
Define the Concept of Personality (Objective 1)
1.	The distinctive and enduring patterns of behavior and cognition that characterize a person's adaptation to life is the definition of personality.
2.	There are several goals of theories of personality. One is to organize the characteristics of personality so that they can be applied to individuals less haphazardly than we usually do in daily life.
3.	A second goal of personality theories is to explain the differences and similarities among individuals. A third goal is to try to define the normal, healthy personality.
4.	There are several requirements that a good theory of personality should meet. It should be explicit, or expressed in precise words and symbols.
5.	A theory of personality should be testable, so that it can be verified scientifically.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
Describe Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality (Objective 2)
6.	Freud's theory, that our experiences in early childhood, especially those with sexual significance, have a tremendous influence on our personalities as adults and are often the basis for our adult emotional problems, is the psychoanalytic personality theory.
7.	Freud thought of personality as an iceberg, with only the tip showing above water. The part of personality that we are aware of in everyday life is our conscious mind.
8.	Below the conscious mind is the preconscious mind, which contains information that we have learned but are not thinking about right now. The lowest level is the unconscious mind, where information is not readily available to us.
9.	In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that represents a person's most basic instinctual or biological drives is the id.
10.	According to Freud, psychic energy, or libido, drives the id. The id has two major instincts. The life instinct that serves to help the individual and the species survive is Eros. Sex is its major expression.
11.	The death instinct that motivates aggressive urges to destroy is Thanatos.
12.	The superego consists of societal and parental values and morals that have been instilled in the person. It is largely unconscious and restrains the impulses of the id.
13.	The ego consists of a conscious faculty for perceiving and dealing intelligently with reality; it acts as mediator between the id and the superego.
14.	Freud theorized that from birth through adolescence, the individual develops through five distinct stages, called psychosexual stages. These include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
15.	One of the major criticisms of Freud's personality theory centers on his perception of women as inferior.
Outline Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality (Objective 3)
16.	Jung's analytical psychology theory argued that in addition to an individual's personal unconscious, there is also a collective unconscious shared by all humankind.
17.	The collective unconscious consists of universal human experience repeated over centuries. Jung called these universal ideas archetypes.
18.	The aim of a healthy personality, according to Jung, was to achieve a kind of wholeness in which all parts of the personality are fully developed and harmoniously interpreted. This is reached through the process of individuation.
19.	Jung argued that libido energy can be directed externally, called extraversion, or inward, called introversion. The introverted person tends to be shy and withdrawn, whereas the extravert is sociable and outgoing.
20.	Jung proposed four psychological functions to describe how people deal with the world. Thinking and feeling are rational functions used to evaluate experiences, and sensing and intuiting are irrational functions.
21.	Jung proposed eight psychological types, which form the core of the personality test called the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Outline Adler's Individual Theory of Personality (Objective 4)
22.	Adler believed that people are motivated primarily by a drive for superiority and are constantly striving to compensate for their weaknesses.
23.	Adler proposed four types of lifestyle, including the dominant, avoiding, getting, and useful type.
24.	Central to Adler's conception of personality was a person's nature. Ideally, the individual's striving for superiority should be channeled into striving for social rather than selfish goals.
Outline Horney's Cultural Theory of Personality (Objective 5)
25.	Karen Horney argued that women envy the privileges that men enjoy, such as independence, success, sexual freedom, and strength.
26.	Horney proposed that there were three neurotic trends, or ways of adapting. These include the compliant, aggressive, and detached personalities.
27.	The basic problem with much of the psychoanalytic approach to personality is that it emphasizes the unconscious and therefore is not testable.
TRAIT THEORIES
Outline Allport's Trait Theory of Personality (Objective 6)
28.	Some psychologists attempt to characterize personality through the description of traits, which are distinctive and stable attributes that cause the individual to behave in a particular manner.
29.	According to Allport, most people have a small number of central traits, which form the core of our personality and are developed by our experiences in life.
30.	According to Allport, traits that are less important, are situation-specific, and help round out our personality are called secondary traits.
Outline Cattell's Factor Theory of Personality (Objective 7)
31.	Cattell identified surface traits, the observable characteristics of a person's behavior and personality. Cattell used observations, questionnaires, and objective tests to help identify traits.
32.	Cattell noticed that surface traits tend to fall into groupings or clusters that can be described in a single word. These trait clusters are called source traits, or characteristics more basic to the core of an individual's personality.
Outline Eysenck's Trait Model of Personality (Objective 8)
33.	Hans Eysenck suggested that personality develops through an interaction of cognitive (intelligence), cognitive (character), affective (temperament), and somatic (constitution) sectors.
34.	Eysenck proposed three personality-type dimensions. Introversion includes characteristics such as pessimism, thoughtfulness, and carefulness; whereas extraversion includes impulsiveness, activity, excitability, and sociability.
35.	Eysenck's neuroticism dimension goes from stable to unstable and measures stress tolerance.
36.	The psychotic end of the psychoticism dimension includes characteristics such as aggressiveness, disregard for danger, and not fitting in with others.
Outline the Five-Factor Personality Model (Objective 9)
37.	The five-factor model of personality traits includes extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness.
38.	Traits in the extraversion (or surgency) dimension of the five-factor personality model are described as sociable, talkative, active, bold, adventurous, and assertive.
39.	Traits in the agreeableness (or friendliness) dimension of the five-factor personality model are described as warm, generous, cooperative, flexible, cheerful, and humble.
40.	Traits in the conscientiousness (or dependability) dimension of the five-factor personality model are described as practical, cautious, reliable, careful, hardworking, and ambitious.
41.	Traits in the emotional stability (versus neuroticism) dimension of the five-factor personality model are described as relaxed, objective, calm, even-tempered, secure, and patient.
42.	Traits in the openness (or culture or intellect) dimension of the five-factor personality model are described as original, creative, perceptive, knowledgeable, artistic, and analytic.
HUMANISTIC THEORIES
Outline Rogers's Self Theory of Personality (Objective 10)
43.	Rogers suggested that there is an inherent tendency in each of us toward self-actualization, the development of all the capacities potentially made available to us by heredity.
44.	Central to Rogers's person-centered approach is the idea that every person has an innate need to have a positive self-regard.
45.	According to Rogers, when we show unconditional positive regard toward someone, we love and accept them regardless of what they do.
Outline Maslow's Self-Actualization Theory of Personality (Objective 11)
46.	Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who proposed a motivation theory based on a hierarchy: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization.
47.	After the deficit needs are met, the individual is motivated by the metaneeds .
48.	Characteristics of the select name="">self-actualized person include being realistic, accepting, spontaneous, autonomous, appreciative, creative, original, and humorous.
BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES
Outline Skinner's Behavior Approach to Personality (Objective 12)
49.	The behaviorist approach avoids abstract traits but rather observes people and determines what produces their behaviors.
50.	Behaviorists like Skinner generally define personality as learned ways of behaving, which, like any behavior, follow the principles of reinforcement and punishment.
Outline Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory of Personality (Objective 13)
51.	Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of observation and modeling.
52.	Bandura views the self as a set of cognitive structures that direct a person's perception, thinking, and behavior.
53.	An individual's sense of self-worth and success in adjusting to the world is called self-efficacy.
Outline Rotter's Locus of Control Theory of Personality (Objective 14)
54.	Behavior potential is the probability that a particular behavior will occur in a specific situation. It depends on two factors: expectancy and reinforcement value.
55.	The importance or value the person places on a particular reinforcement is called reinforcement value. For example, you will study (behavior potential) if you believe (expectancy) studying will lead to a reinforcement (good grades) that you consider valuable.
56.	In Rotter's theory, people who believe that reinforcement is contingent upon their own behavior have an internal locus of control. They believe that if they work hard, they will be rewarded.
57.	In Rotter's theory, people who tend to perceive that reinforcement is independent of their behavior have an external locus of control. These people cannot predict the consequences of their behavior.
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
Describe the Personality Assessment Methods of Interview and Observation (Objective 15)
58.	Any measurement of personality should be valid, reliable, practical, and standardized. Actually measuring what you intend to measure is called validity.
59.	Consistently obtaining the same test results is called reliability.
60.	Information is obtained about the subject during an interview by listening to what is said and observing the subject's behavior.
61.	Watching and recording a person's behavior in everyday situations over a period of time is called observation.
62.	A paper-and-pencil form that observers fill out in their assessment of a subject is called a rating scale.
Identify Four Major Objective Personality Tests (Objective 16)
63.	Personality tests that are administered and scored according to standardized instructions are called objective personality tests.
64.	The Strong Interest Inventory asks the subject to evaluate a wide variety of specific activities, objects, and personalities of people. It is based on the finding that people engaged in different occupations tend to have different personalities.
65.	One of the best known objective personality tests is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, or MMPI-2. It consists of 567 true-false questions.
66.	An objective personality test used to measure personality in normal populations is the California Psychological Inventory, or CPI. It consists of 434 true-false items and some of its scales include dominance, sociability, self-acceptance, and responsibility.
67.	Raymond Cattell developed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, or 16PF, to measure personality traits. It consists of 185 multiple-choice questions, which result in a test profile of the person.
68.	Costa and McCrae developed the NEO Personality Inventory to measure the five factors of personality.
69.	Myers and Briggs published the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI, to scientifically measure Jung's type theory.
Identify Two Major Projective Personality Tests (Objective 17)
70.	Personality tests that present simple, ambiguous stimuli that allow subjects to respond with aspects of their personality are called projective personality tests.
71.	The projective personality test developed by Hermann Rorschach that consists of 10 cards containing blots of ink is the Rorschach Inkblot Test.
72.	The projective test developed by Henry Murray that uses pictures of people in everyday settings is the TAT, or Thematic Apperception Test.
73.	One of the most popular uses of the TAT has been to measure the need for achievement.
WEB SITE
*Biography: Sigmund Freud
1.	Freud received his medical degree in 1881.
2.	Freud practiced psychoanalysis in Vienna, Austria.
*Biography: Carl G. Jung
3.	Carl Jung had his medical practice in Zurich. Switzerland.
*Biography: Karen Horney
4.	Karen Horney earned her medical degree from the University of Berlin in 1913.
*Biography: Raymond B. Cattell
5.	Raymond Cattell was born in England in 1905.
6.	Cattell developed the popular personality inventory, the 16PF.
*Biography: Abraham Maslow
7.	Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs was a catalyst for the founding of humanistic psychology.
*Biography: Carl Rogers
8.	Carl Rogers received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Columbia University in 1931.
*Biography: B.F. Skinner
9.	Skinner originally earned a bachelor's degree in English.
*Biography: Albert Bandura
10.	Albert Bandura is at Stanford University.
*Exploring Psychology: Development of the MMPI-2
11.	The original MMPI was developed to diagnose psychological disorders.
12.	The updated and restandardized MMPI-2 was published in July 1989.
13.	The MMPI-2 is more representative of the normal population.
*Exploring Psychology: Personnel Selection
14.	A detailed description of what a worker does and the conditions under which he or she works is the job description.
15.	The Hogan Personality Inventory is a personality test that is currently used in personnel selection and placement.
16.	In most cases, a structured interview is more effective than other kinds, as it allows for comparison of candidates.

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