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One of the early women pioneers in psychology was Mary Whiton Calkins, who conducted research on memory. She was born in 1863. Although she studied with William James, Harvard University would not grant her a Ph.D. simply because she was a woman.
Calkins taught psychology at Wellesley College, where she set up a psychological research laboratory to study human memory. She developed the paired-associate procedure for studying verbal memories. One of her main findings was that repeated pairings of words increased memory. Calkins was interested in a wide variety of research topics, including perception, personality, emotion, and dreaming. Calkins became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association in 1905. As part of her presidency, she tried to reconcile the structural and functional schools of psychology. She died in 1930. |
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