| Reinforcement | ||
Primary Reinforcers | Secondary Reinforcers | |
| Usually Positive (Presented) | Food Water Sex Sleep Sensory stimulation | Money Tokens Esteem Grades Status Approval |
| Usually Negative (Removed) | Shock Pain Extreme temperatures Loud noise Physical pressure | Low self–esteem Ridicule Exclusion Violation of personal space |
| There are many types of reinforcement in everyday life. Primary reinforcers are effective without having been associated with other reinforcers. Secondary reinforcers are effective only when associated with primary reinforcers. Positive reinforcers strengthen responses when they are presented. Negative reinforcers strengthen the behaviors that caused them to be removed. |
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