WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? Define Development (Objective 1) 1. The study of physical and mental growth and behavioral changes in individuals from conception to death is called developmental Describe the Changes that Occur During Prenatal Development (Objective 2) 2. Development begins at conception, when a sperm fertilizes an egg cell to produce a fertilized egg cell, or zygote 3. The growth of an individual from conception until birth is called prenatal 4. The zygote 5. The embryonic 6. During the seventh week of gestation, sexual differentiation occurs. If XY chromosomes are present, male 7. The fetal 8. At approximately 9 months after conception, birth occurs and the fetus becomes a newborn baby or neonate Outline the Sensory Capabilities of the Newborn Infant (Objective 3) 9. The first two years of life is defined as infancy 10. Right after birth, the ear canals are filled with amniotic 11. A classic study by Fantz (1961) demonstrated that infants showed a strong preference for complex visual stimuli, especially if they resembled the human face Identify the Variables that Influence the Development of Motor Behavior During Infancy (Objective 4) 12. A reflex 13. When a baby's cheek is touched and she turns her head toward the source, the baby is demonstrating the rooting 14. The startle reflex, or Moro 15. The Babinski 16. The fact that children cannot learn until they are mature enough to be able to use their muscles properly is called readiness to learn Outline Personality Development During Infancy (Objective 5) 17. The tendency to respond to the environment in particular ways is called temperament 18. Birth order research suggests that first 19. Among the personality differences that appear very early in life are characteristics associated with sex roles Describe the Sequence of Attachment and Explain How Attachment Develops (Objective 6) 20. The process in which the individual shows behaviors that promote proximity or contact with a specific person is called attachment 21. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) identified four phases in attachment development. When first born, the neonate is in what might be called the asocial 22. Within a few weeks after birth, the baby begins to prefer humans to things in the indiscriminant 23. The stage of attachment beginning at about 6 months, in which babies become attached to one special person is called the specific 24. The last stage of attachment in which babies begin to form attachments to other people is called the multiple 25. Ainsworth's measure of attachment in which the infant is placed in an unfamiliar room and increasingly stressed by an unfamiliar person is called the strange situation 26. In the strange situation procedure, infants who avoid their mothers when reunited with them show avoidant 27. In the strange situation procedure, infants who actively seek contact with their mothers when reunited with them show secure 28. Harry Harlow (1958), in his "surrogate mother" experiments, found that contact 29. One theory of attachment (Scott, 1971) focuses on separation Describe the Development of Social Behavior in Childhood (Objective 7) 30. The period roughly between the ages of 2 and 11 is usually considered to be childhood 31. Overcoming their earlier self-centeredness, children at age 4 or 5 begin to identify 32. Research indicates that when developing a self-concept 33. Selman and Selman (1979) found that very young children label any children they play with as friends 34. Sigmund Freud theorized that from birth to adolescence, children go through five developmental periods, called psychosexual 35. The first psychosexual stage, during which the baby receives pleasure from sucking, is called the oral 36. The psychosexual stage that begins at about 4 years of age when the child starts to find pleasure in stimulating the genitals, is the phallic 37. The psychosexual stage that begins at sexual maturity during which the individual can begin to relate in a positive sexual way toward other people is the genital Identify the Concepts Presented in Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development (Objective 8) 38. Piaget believed that cognitive 39. In order to overcome a problem, the child has to develop more complex cognitive structures, or schemes 40. According to Piaget, the process by which the child integrates new stimulus events into already existing schemes (mental pictures of the world) is called assimilation 41. Sometimes the child cannot assimilate the new stimulus into existing schemes. The process of creating a new scheme or changing an existing scheme to make room for a new stimulus event or experience is called accommodation Describe the Periods in the Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory (Objective 9) 42. Piaget's first period (from birth to 2 years), during which the infant spends a great deal of time learning to coordinate sensory experiences with motor activities, is called the sensorimotor 43. During the sensorimotor period, the infant develops the ability to realize that objects continue to exist even though they might not always be seen, an ability called object permanence 44. Piaget's second period (from age 2 to 7 years), during which the child acquires language and learns to represent the environment with objects and symbols, is called the preoperational thought 45. Children in the preoperational period see themselves as the center of their universe, a characteristic called egocentrism 46. Piaget's third period (from age 7 to 11 years), during which the child develops conservation, decentration, reversal and the ability to solve problems with logical reasoning, is called the concrete operations 47. The ability to recognize that properties of objects do not change even though their appearance does, is called conservation 48. Piaget's fourth stage (from age 11 to 15 years), during which the adolescent reaches cognitive maturity and is capable of abstract logical thinking and hypothesis testing, is called the formal operations Outline Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development (Objective 10) 49. Kohlberg (1969) studied the development of the awareness of ethical behavior, or moral development 50. Kohlberg's Level I, a period in which moral reasoning is based largely on expectation of rewards or punishments, is called preconventional 51. Kohlberg's Level II, a period in which moral reason is based largely on conformity and social standards, is called conventional 52. Kohlberg's Level III, a period in which moral reasoning is based largely on personal standards and beliefs, is called postconventional Outline Physical Development in Adolescence (Objective 11) 53. The stage of development between the onset of puberty and about 18 to 21 years, is called adolescence 54. Adolescence is closely associated with the onset of puberty 55. Menarche, or the onset of menstruation, is a sign of puberty in girls age 11 to 14. The development of secondary 56. In boys, the testes and penis begin to grow at 12 to 13 years, indicating puberty Identify Major Areas of Personality and Social Development in Adolescence (Objective 12) 57. A major goal in adolescence, according to Erikson, is development of a personal identity 58. Marcia (1980) believed that adolescents who have struggled with values and have made a commitment to some personal goal have reached identity achievement 59. Gilligan suggested that males develop identity based on individual achievement and females develop identity based on social 60. Hays (1985) suggested that male Describe Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development (Objective 13) 61. In Erikson's Stage 1, trust 62. In Erikson's Stage 2, autonomy 63. In Erikson's Stage 3, initiative 64. In Erikson's Stage 4, industry 65. In Erikson's Stage 5, identity 66. In Erikson's Stage 6, intimacy 67. In Erikson's Stage 7, generativity 68. In Erikson's Stage 8, integrity Outline Physical Development in Adulthood (Objective 14) 69. Physical aging becomes noticeable during middle 70. The theory of Hayflick (1980) that human body cells are programmed to reproduce themselves a finite number of times is called the theory of cellular Identify the Major Milestones of Adult Personality and Social Development (Objective 15) 71. Levinson's life structure personality theory includes four seasonal 72. Much of our adult life centers around family and jobs. As a main theme of young adulthood, intimacy or marriage 73. People need to be engaged in some worthwhile activity as adults, and thus a job or occupation 74. A major transition in life, involving both family and job, occurs when a person retires 75. Atchley's (1985) model of retirement Outline Cognitive Development in Adulthood (Objective 16) 76. There are cultural variations in the intellectual expectations of older persons. Evidence suggests that Cognitive Outline the Psychological Stages of Dying (Objective 17) 77. Kbler-Ross described five stages that people usually go through as they die. In the first stage, denial 78. In the second stage of dying, anger 79. In the fourth stage of dying, depression WEB SITE *Exploring Psychology: Testing for Problems in Prenatal Development 1. The procedure in which cells in the amniotic fluid are examined for chromosomal damage is amniocentesis 2. A common testing procedure is ultrasound
3. Infants born to women who drink alcohol excessively during pregnancy may have fetal alcohol 4. FAS can cause mental retardation *Exploring Psychology: Readiness to Learn 5. The genetically controlled process of growth that results in orderly changes in behavior is called maturation 6. The fact that babies cannot learn until their muscles and neural structures are sufficiently developed is called readiness 7. For some behaviors, if learning does not occur during the critical period *Exploring Psychology: Birth Order 8. Firstborn children tend to be high achievers 9. Firstborn children have more time to interact with parents *Biography: Mary D. Salter Ainsworth 10. Mary Ainsworth earned her Ph.D. in developmental psychology from the University of Toronto 11. Ainsworth is well-known for her research on attachment *Biography: Jean Piaget 12. Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland 13. Piaget is well-known for his research on cognitive *Exploring Psychology: Serious Adolescent Problems 14. Although all adolescents experience problems, some have severe troubles, such as suicide, drug abuse, and eating *Biography: Erik Erikson 15. Erik Erikson spent much of his academic career at Harvard *Exploring Psychology: Theories of Aging 16. Hayflick found that most human cells die after about 50 17. The telomerase gene could prolong human life through lengthening of the telomere *Exploring Psychology: Levinson's Life Structure Theory 18. The underlying pattern of an individual's life at any particular time is Levinson's concept of life 19. Levinson's four seasonal cycles *Exploring Psychology: Developmental Stages of Parenthood 20. Ellen Galinsky proposed six stages of parenthood 21. Galinsky's nurturing
*Exploring Psychology: Retirement 22. In Atchley's retirement model, the honeymoon *Exploring Psychology: Hospice 23. The hospice Back to chapter 3 contents
